ONESTONE CONSULTING LTD.

Development of clinker substitutes

Third Bosporus Bridge, Istanbul/Turkey HeidelbergCement
1 CF development of cement majors OneStone Research
2 CF development of selected Indian/Chinese producers OneStone Research
3 Development of the CF in China CCA
4 German CF development VDZ
5 Pig iron production by regions/major countries World Steel Association
6 Production of BFS by selected countries OneStone Research
7 CF power plants under construction in Asia Coalswarm
8 GKM power plant, Block 9, with two fly ash silos Grosskraftwerk Mannheim AG
9 Illustration of the Fehmarnbelt tunnel Both Femern
10 Cement constituent projection IEA
11 Constituents of LC3-50 LC3
12 Pilot plant in France HGCT
13 Cement plant in Italy HeidelbergCement
14 Fly ash use in Europe Ecoba
15 US fly ash production use ACAA
16 BFS use in the US USGS
17 Production of BFS in Japan Nippon Slag Association
18 Utilization of GBFS in Japan Nippon Slag Association

Globally, the clinker content in cement is in decline, driven by modern cement standards, higher market awareness and potential cost savings by producers. However, cement constituents such as fly ash or blast furnace slag (BFS) are also used directly in concrete and therefore compete as clinker substitutes in cement. This article provides new facts & data about this use and the importance of clinker substitutes, as well as highlighting the latest trends.

1 Introduction

Clinker is the main constituent of the majority of cements [1]. Possible clinker substitutes are gypsum, ground limestone, industrial by-products such as fly ash and ground granulated BFS (GGBFS), natural (volcanic) pozzolans, calcined clay (metakaolin, LC3) and other supplementary cementitious materials (SCM). According to a technology roadmap by the International Energy Agency (IEA) together with the Cement Sustainability Initiative (CSI) of the World Business Council for Sustainable Development (WBCSD), the global clinker content in cement (clinker factor = CF) stood at 65 %...

TEXT Dr.-Ing. Joachim Harder, OneStone Consulting Ltd., Varna/Bulgaria
This article appeared in

ZKG 4/2019

This article appeared in

ZKG 4/2019

Ressort:  Markets and Trends
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