Solid Alternative Fuels – legal, technological and economical developments in Austria
![2 Comparison of thermal substitution rates [%] for co-processing (2000-2011) [Note: ‘CPP’ means integrated cement production line]](/uploads/images/2014/w300_h200_x218_y104_101538905_86e3f1c80c.jpg)
This contribution describes the legal, material, plant and economic developments and properties as well as the quality assurance of solid alternative fuels, as there are ‘Solid Recovered Fuel (SRF)’ with a quality and grain size matching the requirements for main burners and ‘Residue Derived Fuel (RDF)’ with an appropriate coarser grain size for feeding the calciner in the pyroprocess of a cement kiln.
1 Introduction
The European Union Directive 2000/76/EC on incineration of waste [EC, 2000] limits air pollution only, however at that time there were no limits considering the levels of pollutants in fuels, residues or products themselves when waste derived fuels are burnt in co-incineration plants. To overcome this shortage, the Guideline for Waste Derived Fuels [BMLFUW, 2008] and the Waste Incineration Directive [BMLFUW, 2010], which define quality criteria for “waste derived fuels” burnt in co-incineration plants, have been issued in Austria in nowadays [Lorber et al., 2012].
According to...
